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拜占庭帝國由喬治傾心創作的一本機甲、未來、宅男類小說,這本小說的主角是約翰,書中主要講述了:[32]How great a change had taken place in the social structure of the Byzantine ...

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《拜占庭帝國》章節

[32]How great a change had taken place in the social structure of the Byzantine village is shown by the recently published land-register of Thebes,dating from the second half of the eleventh century:N.Svoronos,Recherches sur le cadastre byzantin et la fiscalitéaux XIe et XIIe siècles:le cadastre de Thèbes,Paris 1959.While according to the Ashburner Treatise the Byzantine village was a community of farmers,in the land register of Thebes we find a village which has gone over to the feudal system,and this is why this new source is so important.Cf.my article:‘Vizantijska seoska opstina’Glas srpske akad.nauka iumetnosti 210(1961),141 ff.A translation of the article,‘La commune rurale byzantine’,appeared in B 22(1962)139 ff.

[33]Until comparatively recently only two specialist studies of immunity in Byzantium were available:P.J.Jakovenko,K istorii immumiteta v Vizantii(On the history of immunity in Byzantium),Jurjev 1908,and K.N.Uspenskij,‘Ekskussija-immunitet v Vizantijskoj imperii’(Exkousseia-immunity in the Byzantine Empire),ⅤⅤ23(1917/22),74-117.It is only in the last few years that more attention has been paid to this problem.Cf.B.T.Gorjanov,‘Pozdnevizantijskij immunitet’(Late Byzantine immunity),ⅤⅤ11(1956),177-99,12(1957),97-116;G.A.Ostrogorskij,‘K istorii immuniteta v Vizantii’,ⅤⅤ13(1958),35-106(French translation:‘Pour l’histoire de l’immunité à Byzance’,B 28(1958),165-254);M.M.Frejdenberg,‘Ekskussija v Vizantii Ⅺ-Ⅻ vv.’(Exkousseia in Byzantium in the eleventh and twelfth centuries),Uc.zap.Velikolukskogo gos.ped.inst.3(1958),339-65;A.P.Kazdan,‘Ekskussija i ekskussaty v Vizantii Ⅹ-Ⅻ vv.’(Exkousseia and those who enjoyed immunity in Byzantium from the tenth to the twelfth centuries),Viz.ocerki(1961),186 ff.,and Gorod i Derevnja,178 ff.

[34]Cf.Ostrogorsky,Paysannerie,25 ff.

[35]The first-known pronoiar was Constantine Leichudes.Cf.Scylitzes-Cedren.Ⅱ,645,and Zonaras Ⅲ,670,.The rights of the central authority were considerably restricted by the grants in pronoia,as is shown by the fact that the Emperor Isaac Comnenus later made every attempt to deprive Leichudes of the estates granted him in pronoia.By the seventies,grants in pronoia were already being made in large numbers;cf.Attaleiates 200.For further details cf.Ostrogorsky,La féodalité,20 ff.

[36]From Cecaumenus 39 ff.(edd.Vasiljevskij and Jernstedt)it can be deduced with certainty that the system of farming out the taxes was already being used under the epigoni of the Macedonian dynasty.Cf.Ostrogorsky,‘Steuergemeinde’66 f.

[37]P.Grierson,‘The Debasement of the Bezant in the Eleventh Century’,BZ 47(1954),has shown that the debasement of the Byzantine nomisma did not begin,as was previously supposed,under Nicephorus Ⅲ Botaneiates,but as early as the reign of Constantine Ⅸ Monomachus.

[38]Scylitzes-Cedren.Ⅱ,608;cf.Neumann,Weltstellung 69.

[39]Cf.Glykatzi-Ahrweiler,Recherches,23 f.

[40]Cf.G.Stadtmüller,‘Landverteidigung und Siedlungspolitik im ostromischen Reich’,Bulletin de l’Inst.Archéol.Bulgare 9(1935),396 ff.and especially Glykatzi-Ahrweiler,Recherches,67 ff.

[41]Cf.Vasiljevskij,Druzina 176 ff.,and Vasiliev,‘The Opening Stages of the Anglo-Saxon Immigration to Byzantium in the Eleventh Century’,Annales de l’Inst.Kondakov 9(1937),39 ff.Cf.the important supplementary notes to Vasiliev’s paper by F.Dolger,BZ 38(1938),235 f.

[42]The scholae,the most distinguished guards regiment of the middle Byzantine period,is last met with in 1068;cf.Attaleiates 112,Scylitzes-Cedren.Ⅱ,674,and also Stein’s important remarks on this(‘Untersuchungen’47 ff.).The new tagmata formed in the eleventh century soon disappeared.Cf.Glykatzi-Ahrweiler,Recherches,28 f.

[43]Psellus Ⅱ,14(ed.Renauld),said that heand that.

[44]A.P.Kazdan,‘Ioann Mavropod,pecenegi i russkie v seredine Ⅺ v.’(John Mauropous,Patzinaks and Russians in the mid-eleventh century),ZRⅤⅠ8,1(1963)177 ff.,uses a speech by John Mauropous,to show that the first Patzinak settlement in the Balkans seems to have occurred not in 1048,but in 1047 or even 1046.

[45]De adm.imp.,pp.49 ff.(ed.Moravcsik-Jenkins)。

[46]Vasiljevskij,Pecenegi 1 ff.is still fundamental.On the Patzinaks cf.also J.Marquart,Osteurop.und ostasiat.Streifzüge(1903),63 ff.;D.Rasovskij,‘Pecenegi,Torki i Berendei na Rusi i v Ugrii’(Patzinaks,Torks and Berendei in Russia and Hungary),Sem.Kond.6(1933),1 ff.,and further bibliography in Moravcsik,Byzantinoturcica Ⅰ,2nd ed.,89 ff.Cf.also the observations of G.Moravcsik in Constantine Porphyrogenitus,De Administrando Imperio,Ⅱ,Commentary,London 1962,12 ff.

[47]The significance of this circumstance has been specially emphasized by Michel,Kerullarios Ⅰ,20 ff.and Ⅱ,22 ff.He goes too far,however,in maintaining that there was a schism between the two Churches as early as this period.Criticisms of this view are therefore justified;cf.especially Ⅴ.Laurent,EO 35(1935),97 ff.But it remains true that the rift of 1054 was only the culmination of earlier developments.On the background of the schism cf.also Ⅴ.Grumel,‘Les préliminaires du schisme de Michel Cérulaire ou la Question Romaine avant 1054’,REB 10(1952),5 ff.

[48]R.Glaber Ⅳ,1:MGH SS Ⅶ,66.Cf.Bréhier,Schisme 8 ff.and CMH Ⅳ(1923),262.Grumel,Reg.828.Many scholars have questioned the reliability of this information(cf.Michel,Kerullarios Ⅰ,37 ff.and especially Hist.Jahrb.70(1951),53 ff.),but on insufficient grounds.

[49]The events of 1054 are of special importance in the history of the relations between Constantinople and Rome,because this schism-in contrast to all earlier disputes-was never healed and the numerous attempts at reunion failed.This must be emphasized,in spite of the frequently stimulating arguments of S.Runciman,The Eastern Schism,Oxford,1955,who would link the final break with the developments during the crusading period.The long series of reunion discussions which begins in the second half of the eleventh century shows in itself that a rift existed.

[50]Psellus Ⅱ,82(ed.Renauld;trans.Sewter,205)。

[51]In spite of Skabalanovic,Viz.gosudarstvo 77 ff.and 384,the leading role of Michael Cerularius is clearly emphasized in Attaleiates 56,Scylitzes-Cedren.Ⅱ,635 ff.,Psellus Ⅱ89 and 106(who expressly emphasizes that the inability of the Emperor to come to an understanding with the Patriarch hastened his downfall and that the insurgents in Constantinople made the latter the)。

[52]Scylitzes-Cedren.Ⅱ,641;Zonaras Ⅲ,666(cf.also Attaleiates 60);Wroth,Byz.Coins Ⅱ,512 and pl.LⅩ,12.

[53]Scylitzes-Cedren.Ⅱ,643;Zonaras Ⅲ,668.Cf.also Balsamon in Rhalles and Potles Ⅰ,147.

[54]Psellus Ⅱ,135 and 150(ed.Renauld;trans.Sewter,249 and 261)。

[55]Attaleiates 275.

[56]Zonaras Ⅲ,676 f.

[57]Psellus Ⅱ,146 f.(ed.Renauld;trans.Sewter,259 f.)。

[58]The chronology has been correctly worked out by Zlatarski,Istorija Ⅱ,(following Attaleiates 83 and Scylitzes Ⅱ,657).On the Uzes(the Torks of the Russian chronicles)cf.the comprehensive treatment of D.Rasovskij,‘Pecenegi,Torki i Berendei na Rusi i v Ugrii’(Patzinaks,Torks and Berendei in Russia and Hungary),Sem.Kond.6(1933),1-65.

[59]Attaleiates 84.

[60]Cf.C.Cahen,‘La première pénétration turque en Asie Mineure’,B 18(1948),23 ff.

[61]Cf.B.Leib,‘Jean Doukas,César et moine.Son jeu politique à Byzance de 1067 à 1081’,Mélanges Peeters Ⅱ(1950),163 ff.

[62]Dolger,Reg.972.C.Cahen,‘La campagne de Mantzikert d’après les sources musulmanes’,B 9(1934),613 ff.;R.Grousset,Histoire de l’Arménie,Paris 1947,624 ff.Cf.also M.Mathieu,‘Une source négligée de la bataille de Mantzikert:les“Gesta Roberti Wiscardi”de Guillaume d’Apulie’,B 20(1950),89 ff.Cf.Matthieu’s excellent edition with translation and full commentary:Guillaume de Pouille,La geste de Robert Guiscard,Palermo 1961,164 ff.,293 ff.

[63]Sathas,,316 ff.

[64]Gay,Italie 520 ff.;Chalandon,Domination normande Ⅰ,189 ff.

[65]Jirecek,Geschichte Ⅰ,234 ff.;Zlatarski,Istorija Ⅱ,140 ff.Litavrin,Bolgarija i Vizantija,397 ff.

[66]Cf.Sisic,Geschichte Ⅰ,284 ff.

[67]Cf.St.Stanojevic,Borba za samostalnost katolicke crkve u Nemanjicskoj drzavi(The struggle for independence of the Catholic Church under the Nemanici dynasty),Belgrade 1912,31 ff.

[68]Zonaras Ⅲ,712,13.Cf.F.Dolger,Deutsche Literaturzeitung 74(1953),598.On the prices of grain in Byzantium and their relatively high stability cf.Ostrogorsky,‘Lohne und Preise in Byzanz’,BZ 32(1932),319 ff.

[69]Cf.the very informative description of M.Attaleiates 201-4,who himself owned property in Rhaedestus,and cf.the excellent comments of G.Ⅰ.Bratianu,‘Une expérience d’économie dirigée,le monopole de blé à Byzance au Ⅺe siècle’,B 9(1934),643 ff.(=Etudes byz.141 ff.)。

[70]On the relationship between the price of grain and the price of goods and the level of wages Attaleiates 204 expounds views well worth consideration from the point of view of the history of economic theory.

[71]Cf.G.Schlumberger,‘Deux chefs normands des armées byzantines’,Revue hist.16(1881),296 ff.

[72]Michael Attaleiates 288,a supporter of Botaneiates,contemptuously says of Bryennius that he was less distinguished and merely originated in the western provinces,;cf.Neumann.Weltstellung 62.

[73]Cf.B.Leib,‘Nicéphore Ⅲ Botaniatès(1078-81)et Marie d’Alanie’,Actes du VIe Congrès Intern.d’Etudes byz.Ⅰ(1950),129 ff.

[74]Cf.J.Laurent,‘Byzance et les origines du Soultanat Roum’,Mélanges Diehl Ⅰ(1930),177 ff.;P.Wittek,‘Deux chapitres de l’histoire des Turcs de Roum’,B 11(1936),285 ff.,and‘Le Sultan de Rùm’,Annuaire de l’Inst.de philol.et d’hist.orientales et slaves 6(1938),361 ff.;C.Cahen,‘La première pénétration turque en Asie Mineure’,B 18(1948),5 ff.

[75]Cf.Chalandon,Alexis Ⅰ,28 ff.,41 ff.

第6章軍事貴族的統治(1081~1204年)

史料

科穆寧王朝時期是拜佔廷歷史編纂最活躍的時期之一,這主要是由於安娜·科穆寧(Anna Comnena)、約翰·辛納穆斯(John Cinnamus)和尼西塔斯·侯尼亞迪斯(Nicetas Choniates)等人的作品。[1]安娜·科穆寧是阿萊克修斯一世(1081~1118年在位)的大女兒,她聰明且受過良好的育,在其涉及1069~1118年曆史的《阿萊克修斯傳》中,她描述了其自最初直到去世的全部歷史。[2]該作品是由一位在古典生活方式裡大、飽讀古希臘歷史作品、詩歌和哲學的公主刻意模仿古代寫作風格撰寫的,它是拜佔廷人文主義的傑出見證,也是有頭等重要意義的歷史資料。

安娜詳的記述是我們得到了關於這個重要時期知識的主要依據,這個時期見證了拜佔廷實的恢復、拜佔廷帝國與西方在第一次十字軍東征中的相會、拜佔廷人與諾曼人和來自北方及東方的草原遊牧民族之間的鬥爭。《阿萊克修斯傳》存在的讚美褒獎傾向和某些其他的不足,特別是其年代上的混,都被這位女作家能夠提供的大量豐富十分珍貴的綜鹤杏資訊所掩蓋。

她所以能這樣做,部分是因為其所處的高貴地位為她提供了特殊的利,部分是因為她自己極為強烈。她的丈夫是愷撒尼基弗魯斯·布林尼烏斯(Nicephorus Bryennius),[3]他是那位在米哈伊爾·杜卡斯和尼基弗魯斯·伯塔奈亞迪斯統治時期兩度自立為對立皇帝的同名尼基弗魯斯·布林尼烏斯的兒子,也是位歷史學家。他的作品一直沒有完成,也完全不能與其妻子的作品相媲美。

它主要是簡略涉及依沙克·科穆寧以的科穆寧王朝歷史,而自羅曼努斯四世以的歷史就得更加詳,而在尼基弗魯斯·伯塔奈亞迪斯統治中期突然中斷。[4]阿萊克修斯一世·科穆寧時期的歷史記述也包括在約翰·左納拉斯世界編年史的最部分中(參見第272頁),儘管他主要依據《阿萊克修斯傳》做了簡要的敘述,但是他確實貢獻了一部對安娜·科穆寧作品的極有價值的備忘錄。

另一方面,君士坦丁·馬納塞斯(Constantine Manasses)的世界編年史有少見的獨立史料價值,它以詩寫作,涉及到阿萊克修斯一世登基為止;而米哈伊爾·格里卡斯(Michael Gly-cas)的世界編年史確實也價值不高,它寫到同一位君主去世為止。卓依爾(Joel)枯燥無味的世界編年史平更低下,它一直寫到1204年拉丁徵為止。

如同《阿萊克修斯傳》對於阿萊克修斯一世一樣重要,曼努埃爾一世(Manuel I,1143~1180年在位)時期重要的史料來自約翰·辛納穆斯,而尼西塔斯·侯尼亞迪斯的作品既涉及了這個時代,也涉及了科穆寧王朝末期和安苴利王朝的歷史。儘管辛納穆斯和尼西塔斯·侯尼亞迪斯的作品都從阿萊克修斯一世去世寫起,但是他們對約翰二世(John II,1118~1143年在位)統治的歷史處理得非常簡單,好像只是對這個時期做個簡介,比其人和人的資料都少,因此,我們對這個傑出的君主所知甚少。約翰·辛納穆斯出生於1143年以某個時間,其阜牧地位顯赫,他本人曾擔任皇帝曼努埃爾的秘書()。其作品是在曼努埃爾一世去世不久寫作的,目只有一個13世紀的手抄本存世(另有16世紀和17世紀的複製本),全書直到結尾損都十分嚴重,因此顯然還有一些寫本。[5]更年些的尼西塔斯[6]來自非利吉亞地區的侯尼埃,他也是從擔任皇帝秘書開始其仕途的,他在安苴利王朝時擔任高官,最官至首相。其作品一直寫到1206年,它是在君士坦丁堡陷落最終於尼西亞完成的。[7]這兩部著作的特點完全不同,各自有其特殊的優點:辛納穆斯的寫作方法簡單易懂,於經濟描述;而尼西塔斯·侯尼亞迪斯則有著少見的敘事生的特點,這使他成為僅次於頗塞羅斯的中世紀拜佔廷最傑出的史家。他們都是狂熱的希臘國者,在記述皇帝曼努埃爾一世青睞西方的思想時,都表現出對拉丁人的極度反,因此反映出拜佔廷民族主義的崛起。另外,這兩部作品客觀真實,作者謹慎小心的寫作度在當時的拜佔廷作家中都是十分突出的。[8]尼西塔斯·侯尼亞迪斯作品的一個短小補充部分涉及1204年君士坦丁堡那些被拉丁人破的雕像。[9]學問淵博的塞薩洛尼基主浇悠斯塔修斯[10]生地描述了1185年諾曼人奪取塞薩洛尼基的事件,尼西塔斯·侯尼亞迪斯在其作品中使用了其中的材料。

還有浩繁大量的拉丁文史料涉及當時拜佔廷帝國與西方的關係,以及在格斯塔·佛蘭科隆(Gesta Francorum)到維利哈頓(Villehardouin)和卡拉利的羅伯特(Robert of Clari)等人的作品中關於第一次十字軍的記述。[11]這裡,不能一一詳列舉。[12]但是我們要特別提到,阿萊克修斯一世致佛蘭德爾的羅伯特伯爵的書信,因為它對於十字軍運問題特別重要。目,它只儲存下來拉丁文字,它顯然是一份對十字軍的救信。[13]但是,這個拉丁文字的檔案也極有可能是依據皇帝原始書信偽造的贗品,皇帝書信的目的是招募西方僱傭軍。[14]關於拜佔廷帝國與南斯拉夫各國的關係,除了拜佔廷史料外,我們還可以在12世紀中期或半葉戴克來亞士們的編年史中找到材料,它們都為拉丁文字。[15]另外,還有古斯拉夫語的《斯蒂芬·奈曼加傳》,該書由傳主的兒子們聖薩瓦(St.Sava)和“首次加冕的”斯蒂芬(Stephen the First-Crowned)[16]撰寫。此外,還有兩個斯拉夫人多門提贊(Domentijan)和塞奧多西(Theodosius)完成的兩部聖薩瓦傳記。[17]

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拜占庭帝國

拜占庭帝國

作者:喬治 型別:衍生同人 完結: 否

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